Data and Calculations

Aluminum
Water						Aluminum
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	93.88	4.1840	16.75	19.75	=	17.98	C	100	19.72
2	98.51	4.1832	18.19	21.22	=	17.97	C	100	21.22
3	99.85	4.1832	17.50	20.70	=	17.97	C	100	20.70
4	91.96	4.1832	17.90	19.00	=	5.97	C	100	19.00
5	96.22	4.1849	15.75	18.90	=	17.98	C	100	18.90
6	85.81	4.1840	17.30	19.60	=	11.42	C	100	19.60
7	115.37	4.1832	17.57	20.30	=	17.97	C	100	20.30
8	95.72	4.1819	19.50	22.65	=	17.98	C	100	22.65
9	95.11	4.1858	15.06	18.28	=	17.98	C	100	18.28
10	97.22	4.1825	18.92	21.90	=	17.98	C	100	21.90

Iron
Water						Iron
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	82.59	4.1825	19.00	24.05	=	49.67	C	100	24.05
2	91.62	4.1825	19.05	23.30	=	49.22	C	100	23.30
3	92.97	4.1849	16.65	21.10	=	49.21	C	100	21.10
4	99.99	4.1825	19.50	23.62	=	49.66	C	100	23.62
5	90.38	4.1819	19.90	24.55	=	49.66	C	100	24.55
6	86.67	4.1832	17.53	22.20	=	49.66	C	100	22.20
7	83.36	4.1825	18.99	22.19	=	31.14	C	100	22.19
8	91.41	4.1869	14.47	19.25	=	49.66	C	100	19.25
9	94.98	4.1858	14.83	19.34	=	49.66	C	100	19.34
10	115.46	4.1840	17.00	20.60	=	49.66	C	100	20.60

Copper
Water						Copper
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	120.54	4.1819	19.91	23.25	=	57.26	C	100	23.25
2	61.31	4.1832	18.30	24.50	=	56.52	C	100	24.50
3	88.17	4.1840	16.70	21.20	=	57.26	C	100	21.20
4	96.04	4.1849	16.07	17.20	=	14.25	C	100	17.20
5	103.29	4.1832	18.29	22.10	=	57.25	C	100	22.10
6	124.25	4.1840	17.10	20.51	=	57.25	C	100	20.51
7	101.40	4.1819	19.90	23.70	=	56.45	C	100	23.70
8	84.50	4.1832	18.01	22.81	=	56.53	C	100	22.81
9	91.43	4.1813	21.00	25.42	=	57.26	C	100	25.42

Zinc
Water						Zinc
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	82.61	4.1819	20.30	25.12	=	57.26	C	100	25.12
2	115.15	4.1813	20.71	24.20	=	55.55	C	100	24.20
3	72.35	4.1825	19.40	24.38	=	55.56	C	100	24.38
4	82.27	4.1813	20.79	25.65	=	55.56	C	100	25.65
5	107.69	4.1825	19.00	22.85	=	56.40	C	100	22.85
6	86.11	4.1808	21.50	25.80	=	56.41	C	100	25.80
7	68.47	4.1825	18.55	24.20	=	57.83	C	100	24.20
8	87.21	4.1825	18.70	23.40	=	57.83	C	100	23.40
9	100.00	4.1832	18.31	22.38	=	57.83	C	100	22.38
10	116.25	4.1825	19.40	22.91	=	57.83	C	100	22.91

Lead
Water						Lead
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	98.03	4.1832	18.49	19.98	=	58.25	C	100	19.98
2	77.48	4.1813	21.20	22.91	=	58.41	C	100	22.91
3	72.79	4.1819	20.40	22.30	=	59.14	C	100	22.30
4	94.44	4.1819	19.63	21.20	=	59.04	C	100	21.20
5	54.77	4.1819	20.00	22.70	=	59.04	C	100	22.70
6	89.36	4.1808	20.98	22.57	=	59.04	C	100	22.57
7	98.26	4.1808	21.50	22.91	=	59.04	C	100	22.91
8	85.49	4.1849	15.96	17.74	=	58.40	C	100	17.74
9	93.63	4.1869	14.28	15.87	=	54.99	C	100	15.87
10	85.86	4.1840	16.59	18.31	=	58.40	C	100	18.31

Glass
Water						Glass
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	97.35	4.1819	21.36	23.26	=	11.17	C	100	23.26
2	85.95	4.1825	19.20	21.62	=	11.34	C	100	21.62
3	107.00	4.1825	19.50	21.29	=	11.34	C	100	21.29
4	93.48	4.1804	23.13	25.40	=	11.34	C	100	25.40
5	85.91	4.1804	22.50	24.90	=	11.17	C	100	24.90
6	78.63	4.1832	18.10	20.50	=	10.97	C	100	20.50
7	63.32	4.1832	17.83	20.70	=	10.97	C	100	20.70
8	92.58	4.1819	19.87	21.75	=	10.97	C	100	21.75
9	74.77	4.1825	18.57	20.83	=	10.98	C	100	20.83
10	99.69	4.1832	18.44	20.27	=	10.97	C	100	10.54
11	99.12	4.1813	20.71	22.59	=	10.54	C	100	22.59

Brass
Water						Brass
Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
1	81.77	4.1819	19.51	24.00	=	54.49	C	100	24.00
2	96.01	4.1825	19.51	23.41	=	54.49	C	100	23.41
3	91.50	4.1819	20.30	24.29	=	53.95	C	100	24.29
4	89.59	4.1825	19.40	23.50	=	53.89	C	100	23.50
5	89.03	4.1800	24.20	27.71	=	53.95	C	100	27.71
6	93.28	4.1832	18.07	22.21	=	54.49	C	100	22.21
7	91.49	4.1840	17.33	21.67	=	54.49	C	100	21.67
8	97.82	4.1825	18.70	22.50	=	54.49	C	100	22.50
9	81.89	4.1819	20.15	24.40	=	54.49	C	100	24.40
10	73.82	4.1819	20.15	24.80	=	54.49	C	100	24.80
11	106.27	4.1849	16.03	19.61	=	53.96	C	100	19.61

To find ΔT, you take your set of data, and subtract the final temperature from the initial temperature. For example:

Run	m	C	Temp I	Temp F	=	m	C	Temp I	Temp F
5	85.91	4.1804	22.50	24.90	=	11.17	C	100	24.90

Calculation: 24.90-22.50 = 2.40 and 100-24.90 = 75.10 so the new table looks like this:

Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
5	85.91	4.1804	2.40	=	11.17	C	75.10

^_^ Well, there it is. Now, watch as I apply this to all of my measurements.

Aluminum
Water						Aluminum
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	93.88	4.1840	2.97	=	17.98	C	80.28
2	98.51	4.1832	3.03	=	17.97	C	78.78
3	99.85	4.1832	3.20	=	17.97	C	79.30
4	91.96	4.1832	1.10	=	5.97	C	81.00
5	96.22	4.1849	3.15	=	17.98	C	81.10
6	85.81	4.1840	2.30	=	11.42	C	80.4
7	115.37	4.1832	2.73	=	17.97	C	79.70
8	95.72	4.1819	3.15	=	17.98	C	77.35
9	95.11	4.1858	3.22	=	17.98	C	81.72
10	97.22	4.1825	2.98	=	17.98	C	78.10

Iron
Water						Iron
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	82.59	4.1825	5.05	=	49.67	C	75.95
2	91.62	4.1825	4.25	=	49.22	C	76.70
3	92.97	4.1849	4.45	=	49.21	C	78.90
4	99.99	4.1825	4.12	=	49.66	C	76.38
5	90.38	4.1819	4.65	=	49.66	C	75.45
6	86.67	4.1832	4.67	=	49.66	C	77.80
7	83.36	4.1825	3.20	=	31.14	C	77.81
8	91.41	4.1869	4.78	=	49.66	C	80.75
9	94.98	4.1858	4.51	=	49.66	C	80.66
10	115.46	4.1840	3.60	=	49.66	C	79.40

Copper
Water						Copper
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	120.54	4.1819	3.34	=	57.26	C	76.75
2	61.31	4.1832	6.20	=	56.52	C	75.50
3	88.17	4.1840	4.50	=	57.26	C	78.80
4	96.04	4.1849	1.13	=	14.25	C	82.80
5	103.29	4.1832	3.81	=	57.25	C	77.90
6	124.25	4.1840	3.41	=	57.25	C	79.49
7	101.40	4.1819	3.80	=	56.45	C	76.30
8	84.50	4.1832	4.80	=	56.53	C	77.19
9	91.43	4.1813	4.42	=	57.26	C	74.58

Zinc
Water						Zinc
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	82.61	4.1819	4.82	=	57.26	C	74.88
2	115.15	4.1813	3.49	=	55.55	C	75.80
3	72.35	4.1825	4.98	=	55.56	C	75.62
4	82.27	4.1813	4.86	=	55.56	C	74.35
5	107.69	4.1825	3.85	=	56.40	C	77.15
6	86.11	4.1808	4.30	=	56.41	C	74.20
7	68.47	4.1825	5.65	=	57.83	C	75.80
8	87.21	4.1825	4.70	=	57.83	C	76.60
9	100.00	4.1832	5.07	=	57.83	C	77.62
10	116.25	4.1825	3.51	=	57.83	C	77.09

Lead
Water						Lead
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	98.03	4.1832	1.49	=	58.25	C	80.02
2	77.48	4.1813	1.71	=	58.41	C	77.09
3	72.79	4.1819	1.90	=	59.14	C	77.70
4	94.44	4.1819	1.57	=	59.04	C	78.80
5	54.77	4.1819	2.70	=	59.04	C	77.30
6	89.36	4.1808	1.59	=	59.04	C	77.43
7	98.26	4.1808	1.41	=	59.04	C	77.09
8	85.49	4.1849	1.78	=	58.40	C	82.26
9	93.63	4.1869	1.59	=	54.99	C	84.13
10	85.86	4.1840	1.72	=	58.40	C	81.69

Glass
Water						Glass
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	97.35	4.1819	1.90	=	11.17	C	76.74
2	85.95	4.1825	2.42	=	11.34	C	78.38
3	107.00	4.1825	1.79	=	11.34	C	78.71
4	93.48	4.1804	2.27	=	11.34	C	74.60
5	85.91	4.1804	2.40	=	11.17	C	75.10
6	78.63	4.1832	2.40	=	10.97	C	79.50
7	63.32	4.1832	2.87	=	10.97	C	79.30
8	92.58	4.1819	1.88	=	10.97	C	78.25
9	74.77	4.1825	2.26	=	10.98	C	79.17
10	99.69	4.1832	1.83	=	10.97	C	89.46
11	99.12	4.1813	1.88	=	10.54	C	77.41

Brass
Water					Brass
Run	m	C	ΔT	=	m	C	ΔT
1	81.77	4.1819	4.49	=	54.49	C	76.00
2	96.01	4.1825	3.90	=	54.49	C	76.59
3	91.50	4.1819	3.99	=	53.95	C	75.71
4	89.59	4.1825	4.10	=	53.89	C	76.50
5	89.03	4.1800	3.51	=	53.95	C	72.29
6	93.28	4.1832	4.14	=	54.49	C	77.79
7	91.49	4.1840	4.34	=	54.49	C	78.33
8	97.82	4.1825	3.80	=	54.49	C	77.50
9	81.89	4.1819	4.25	=	54.49	C	75.60
10	73.82	4.1819	4.65	=	54.49	C	75.20
11	106.27	4.1849	3.58	=	53.96	C	80.39

To calculate specific heat capacity, you isolate C. Here is an example: border=3>

(85.91)	(4.1804)	(2.40)	=	(11.17)	(C)	(75.10)
85.91	(4.1804)	2.40	=	11.17	(C)	75.10
1.03	=	C

Once again, see it applied to all the data!

Aluminum
Run	#	=	C
1	0.887	=	C
2	0.883	=	C
3	0.938	=	C
4	0.875	=	C
5	0.871	=	C
6	0.900	=	C
7	0.920	=	C
8	0.906	=	C
9	0.892	=	C
10	0.862	=	C

Iron
Run	#	=	C
1	0.461	=	C
2	0.432	=	C
3	0.446	=	C
4	0.453	=	C
5	0.469	=	C
6	0.437	=	C
7	0.462	=	C
8	0.456	=	C
9	0.447	=	C
10	0.442	=	C

Copper
Run	#	=	C
1	0.382	=	C
2	0.373	=	C
3	0.368	=	C
4	0.385	=	C
5	0.370	=	C
6	0.389	=	C
7	0.374	=	C
8	0.389	=	C
9	0.398	=	C

Zinc
Run	#	=	C
1	0.389	=	C
2	0.398	=	C
3	0.383	=	C
4	0.404	=	C
5	0.398	=	C
6	0.370	=	C
7	0.370	=	C
8	0.386	=	C
9	0.379	=	C
10	0.384	=	C

Lead
Run	#	=	C
1	0.129	=	C
2	0.123	=	C
3	0.126	=	C
4	0.133	=	C
5	0.135	=	C
6	0.130	=	C
7	0.127	=	C
8	0.133	=	C
9	0.135	=	C
10	0.130	=	C

Glass
Run	#	=	C
1	0.903	=	C
2	0.979	=	C
3	0.897	=	C
4	1.05	=	C
5	1.03	=	C
6	0.905	=	C
7	0.874	=	C
8	0.885	=	C
9	0.813	=	C
10	0.908	=	C
11	0.955	=	C

Brass
Run	#	=	C
1	0.372	=	C
2	0.376	=	C
3	0.375	=	C
4	0.374	=	C
5	0.337	=	C
6	0.382	=	C
7	0.389	=	C
8	0.367	=	C
9	0.354	=	C
10	0.351	=	C
11	0.367	=	C

To calculate percent error, we simply take the absolute value of the measurement minus the actual value, divided by the actual value times 100. That is:

Iron
Water			Iron
Run	error	=	#
1	error	=	2.7%
2	error	=	3.8%
3	error	=	0.7%
4	error	=	0.89%
5	error	=	4.5%
6	error	=	2.67%
7	error	=	2.8%
8	error	=	1.56%
9	error	=	0.4%
10	error	=	1.6%

Copper
Water			Copper
Run	error	=	#
1	error	=	0.7%
2	error	=	3.1%
3	error	=	4.4%
4	error	=	0%
5	error	=	3.89%
6	error	=	1%
7	error	=	3.61%
8	error	=	1.03%
9	error	=	3.38%

Zinc
Water			Zinc
Run	error	=	#
1	error	=	0.26%
2	error	=	3.37%
3	error	=	1.28%
4	error	=	4.1%
5	error	=	2.6%
6	error	=	4.6%
7	error	=	4.6%
8	error	=	0.52%
9	error	=	2.32%
10	error	=	1.03%

Lead
Water			Lead
Run	error	=	#
1	error	=	0%
2	error	=	4.7%
3	error	=	2.3%
4	error	=	3%
5	error	=	4.65%
6	error	=	0.78%
7	error	=	1.6%
8	error	=	3.1%
9	error	=	4.65%
10	error	=	0.775%

*not applicable for glass and brass. Home